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Timeline of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure of the universe ==Pre-20th century== * 5th century BC — Democritus proposes that the bright band in the night sky known as the Milky Way might consist of stars, * 4th century BC — Aristotle believes the Milky Way to be caused by "the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together" and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions", * 964 — Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), a Persian astronomer, makes the first recorded observations of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/ngc/lmc.html )〕 in his ''Book of Fixed Stars'', and which are the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth, * 11th century — Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, another Persian astronomer, describes the Milky Way galaxy as a collection of numerous nebulous stars, * 11th century — Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), an Arabian astronomer, refutes Aristotle's theory on the Milky Way by making the first attempt at observing and measuring the Milky Way's parallax, and he thus "determined that because the Milky Way had no parallax, it was very remote from the Earth and did not belong to the atmosphere", * 12th century — Avempace (Ibn Bajjah) of Islamic Spain proposes the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but that it appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in the Earth's atmosphere,〔 * 14th century — Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya of Syria proposes the Milky Way galaxy to be "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars" and that these stars are larger than planets, * 1521 — Ferdinand Magellan observes the Magellanic Clouds during his circumnavigating expedition, * 1610 — Galileo Galilei uses a telescope to determine that the bright band on the sky, the "Milky Way", is composed of many faint stars * 1750 — Thomas Wright discusses galaxies and the shape of the Milky Way, * 1755 — Drawing on Wright's work, Immanuel Kant conjectures that the galaxy is a rotating disk of stars held together by gravity, and that the nebulae are separate such galaxies; he calls them ''Island Universes'' * 1785 — William Herschel carried the first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun in it by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the galaxy with the solar system close to the center. * 1845 — Lord Rosse discovers a nebula with a distinct spiral shape 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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